Immigration and Displacement in Children's Literature
"Scholars and creators of literature for young people can play at least a small role in helping readers to imagine a future that overcomes the follies of the past and present." -- Philip Nel
How do you make a home—and how do you leave one behind? Issues of migration and displacement have grown more and more pressing each year, including for children. Data from Unicef and UNHCR indicate that “the global number of displaced children nearly tripled from around 17.0 million to 48.8 million” between the years 2010 and 2024. Through involuntary and voluntary pathways, children become refugees, immigrants, and members of scattered diasporas. They and their families leave behind communities, cross borders, and take on the challenge of finding new homes.
“The precarity of displacement amplifies the vulnerabilities inherent to childhood,” writes scholar Philip Nel as he discusses narratives of migration, displacement, and diaspora in children’s literature. In the face of that vulnerability, Nel insists that “[s]tories like these help” by offering affirmation and empathy, “even though they are no substitute for home itself.” Nel’s assertion here builds on Rudine Sims Bishop’s idea that children’s books can offer their readers mirrors, which reflect back to children their own experiences, honoring and validating them. At the same time, Nel’s analysis indicates that children’s literature depicting these issues may also function as windows, which show readers the value of experiences that are not their own. Yet children’s literature offers windows not only to child readers—but to everyone. “When children's literature cultivates an empathetic imagination,” Nel argues, “it can bring people of all ages closer to understanding the displacement felt by migrants, refugees, and those in diasporic communities.” Literature thus builds bridges—and in doing so activates a political imagination that pursues welcome for all.
The works of children’s literature featured on this bookshelf explore a variety of journeys—historical, contemporary, and fantastical—through a variety of forms. Pam Munoz Ryan’s novel Esperanza Rising takes up a family’s immigration across the US-Mexico border, a move that amplifies questions of class, race, and labor. Shaun Tan’s wordless picture book The Arrival visually depicts a migrant’s story, creating a surreal world both strange and wonderful. Edwidge Danticat’s picture book Mama’s Nightingale, illustrated by Leslie Straub, uses prose in addition to visuals to convey a child grappling with the toll of separation caused by immigration detention. The Night Diary by Veera Hiranandi uses an epistolary structure to tackle the difficult history of conflict and displacement caused by the partition of India and Pakistan in 1947. Jasmine Warga’s Other Words for Home uses poetic verse to tell the story of a girl fleeing Syria and adjusting to life in Ohio. Edited by Ellen Oh, You Are Here: Connecting Flights is an anthology of interconnected stories set at an airport, where different Asian American kids’ lives and experiences of discrimination collide.
Bringing together these works, this bookshelf displays the formal diversity of stories that share, at their core, a concern for the emotional and relational lives of immigrants and refugees. They ask us to consider how word and image can confront readers with the causes and effects of various forms of displacement and migration. They ask us how prose and poem can comfort readers with visions of community, connection, and solidarity, helping imagine better worlds for all of us.
Books on Shelf:
Pam Munoz Ryan, Esperanza Rising, 2000
Shaun Tan, The Arrival, 2006
Edwidge Danticat, Mama's Nightingale: A Story of Immigration and Separation, 2015
Veera Hiranandani, The Night Diary, 2018
Jasmine Warga, Other Words for Home, 2019
Ellen Oh (editor); multi-authored, You Are Here: Connecting Flights, 2023
Scholarly Sources:
Bishop, Rudine Sims. "Mirrors, Windows, and Sliding Glass Doors." Perspectives: Choosing and Using Books for the Classroom, vol. 6, no. 3, 1990.
Nel, Philip. "Introduction: Migration, Refugees, and Diaspora in Children's Literature." Children's Literature Association Quarterly, vol. 43 no. 4, 2018, p. 357-362. Project MUSE, https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/chq.2018.0043.